##### PUB RECORD ##### ## 10.1021/jf0304324 14690368 Beninger, Hosfield, 2003 "Beninger CW, Hosfield GL. Antioxidant activity of extracts, condensed tannin fractions, and pure flavonoids from Phaseolus vulgaris L. seed coat color genotypes. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Dec 31;51(27):7879-83. doi: 10.1021/jf0304324. PMID: 14690368." ## PMID- 14690368 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20040305 LR - 20220317 IS - 0021-8561 (Print) IS - 0021-8561 (Linking) VI - 51 IP - 27 DP - 2003 Dec 31 TI - Antioxidant activity of extracts, condensed tannin fractions, and pure flavonoids from Phaseolus vulgaris L. seed coat color genotypes. PG - 7879-83 AB - Twelve different seed coat color genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were extracted and pure flavonoids isolated from 10 of these. The seed coat methanol extracts, tannin fractions, and pure flavonoids all displayed antioxidant activity in a fluorescence-based liposome assay. The relatively high activity of the condensed tannin (proanthocyanidin) fractions indicates that these may play an important role in the overall activity of the extracts. This activity also indicates that although these polyphenols cause problems in digestibility, they may be important dietary supplements with beneficial health effects. The pure anthocyanins delphinidin 3-O-glucoside (1), petunidin 3-O-glucoside (2), and malvidin 3-O-glucoside (3) and the flavonol quercetin 3-O-glucoside (4) isolated from seed coats also had significantly higher antioxidant activity than the Fe(2+) control. The activity of kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (5) was not different from that of the Fe(2+) control. These findings suggest that variously colored dry beans may be an important source of dietary antioxidants. FAU - Beninger, Clifford W AU - Beninger CW AD - Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plant and Soil Science Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. cbeninge@uoguelph.ca FAU - Hosfield, George L AU - Hosfield GL LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. PL - United States TA - J Agric Food Chem JT - Journal of agricultural and food chemistry JID - 0374755 RN - 0 (Antioxidants) RN - 0 (Flavonoids) RN - 0 (Hydrolyzable Tannins) RN - 0 (Pigments, Biological) RN - 0 (Plant Extracts) SB - IM MH - Antioxidants/*analysis MH - Color MH - Flavonoids/*analysis MH - Genotype MH - Hydrolyzable Tannins/*analysis MH - Phaseolus/*chemistry/genetics MH - Pigments, Biological/genetics MH - Plant Extracts/*analysis MH - Seeds/*chemistry EDAT- 2003/12/24 05:00 MHDA- 2004/03/06 05:00 CRDT- 2003/12/24 05:00 PHST- 2003/12/24 05:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2004/03/06 05:00 [medline] PHST- 2003/12/24 05:00 [entrez] AID - 10.1021/jf0304324 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Dec 31;51(27):7879-83. doi: 10.1021/jf0304324. ##### PUB RECORD ##### ## 10.1007/s00425-023-04116-0 36928335 Davila-Delgado, Flores-Canul et al., 2023 "Dávila-Delgado R, Flores-Canúl K, Juárez-Verdayes MA, Sánchez-López R. Rhizobia induce SYMRK endocytosis in Phaseolus vulgaris root hair cells. Planta. 2023 Mar 16;257(4):83. doi: 10.1007/s00425-023-04116-0. PMID: 36928335; PMCID: PMC10020325." ## PMID- 36928335 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20230321 LR - 20230328 IS - 1432-2048 (Electronic) IS - 0032-0935 (Print) IS - 0032-0935 (Linking) VI - 257 IP - 4 DP - 2023 Mar 16 TI - Rhizobia induce SYMRK endocytosis in Phaseolus vulgaris root hair cells. PG - 83 LID - 10.1007/s00425-023-04116-0 [doi] LID - 83 AB - PvSYMRK-EGFP undergoes constitutive and rhizobia-induced endocytosis, which rely on the phosphorylation status of T589, the endocytic YXXO motif and the kinase activity of the receptor. Legume-rhizobia nodulation is a complex developmental process. It initiates when the rhizobia-produced Nod factors are perceived by specific LysM receptors present in the root hair apical membrane. Consequently, SYMRK (Symbiosis Receptor-like Kinase) becomes active in the root hair and triggers an extensive signaling network essential for the infection process and nodule organogenesis. Despite its relevant functions, the underlying cellular mechanisms involved in SYMRK signaling activity remain poorly characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that PvSYMRK-EGFP undergoes constitutive and rhizobia-induced endocytosis. We found that in uninoculated roots, PvSYMRK-EGFP is mainly associated with the plasma membrane, although intracellular puncta labelled with PvSymRK-EGFP were also observed in root hair and nonhair-epidermal cells. Inoculation with Rhizobium etli producing Nod factors induces in the root hair a redistribution of PvSYMRK-EGFP from the plasma membrane to intracellular puncta. In accordance, deletion of the endocytic motif YXXO (YKTL) and treatment with the endocytosis inhibitors ikarugamycin (IKA) and tyrphostin A23 (TyrA23), as well as brefeldin A (BFA), drastically reduced the density of intracellular PvSYMRK-EGFP puncta. A similar effect was observed in the phosphorylation-deficient (T589A) and kinase-dead (K618E) mutants of PvSYMRK-EGFP, implying these structural features are positive regulators of PvSYMRK-EGFP endocytosis. Our findings lead us to postulate that rhizobia-induced endocytosis of SYMRK modulates the duration and amplitude of the SYMRK-dependent signaling pathway. CI - (c) 2023. The Author(s). FAU - Davila-Delgado, Raul AU - Davila-Delgado R AD - Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. FAU - Flores-Canul, Karen AU - Flores-Canul K AD - Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. FAU - Juarez-Verdayes, Marco Adan AU - Juarez-Verdayes MA AD - Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. FAU - Sanchez-Lopez, Rosana AU - Sanchez-Lopez R AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1628-7240 AD - Departamento de Biologia Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. rosana.sanchez@ibt.unam.mx. LA - eng GR - PAPIIT/UNAM IN207215/Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica/UNAM/ GR - IN206118/Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica/UNAM/ GR - IN204721/Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigacion e Innovacion Tecnologica/UNAM/ GR - PhD fellowship number 288601/Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT)/ GR - post-doctoral fellowship CVU 174751)/Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT)/ PT - Journal Article DEP - 20230316 PL - Germany TA - Planta JT - Planta JID - 1250576 RN - 0 (Carrier Proteins) RN - 0 (Plant Proteins) SB - IM MH - Root Nodules, Plant/metabolism MH - *Phaseolus/metabolism MH - Plant Root Nodulation MH - *Rhizobium/physiology MH - Symbiosis MH - Carrier Proteins/metabolism MH - Endocytosis MH - Plant Roots/metabolism MH - Plant Proteins/metabolism PMC - PMC10020325 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Brefeldin A OT - Phaseolus vulgaris OT - Root hair OT - SYMRK OT - Symbiosis OT - Tyrphostin A23 OT - YXXO COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. EDAT- 2023/03/18 06:00 MHDA- 2023/03/22 06:00 PMCR- 2023/03/16 CRDT- 2023/03/17 09:04 PHST- 2022/08/15 00:00 [received] PHST- 2023/03/06 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2023/03/17 09:04 [entrez] PHST- 2023/03/18 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2023/03/22 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2023/03/16 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.1007/s00425-023-04116-0 [pii] AID - 4116 [pii] AID - 10.1007/s00425-023-04116-0 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Planta. 2023 Mar 16;257(4):83. doi: 10.1007/s00425-023-04116-0. ##### PUB RECORD ##### ## 10.1093/jhered/93.2.148 12140276 McClean, Lee et al., 2002 "McClean PE, Lee RK, Otto C, Gepts P, Bassett MJ. Molecular and phenotypic mapping of genes controlling seed coat pattern and color in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). J Hered. 2002 Mar-Apr;93(2):148-52. doi: 10.1093/jhered/93.2.148. PMID: 12140276." ## PMID- 12140276 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20030115 LR - 20220317 IS - 0022-1503 (Print) IS - 0022-1503 (Linking) VI - 93 IP - 2 DP - 2002 Mar-Apr TI - Molecular and phenotypic mapping of genes controlling seed coat pattern and color in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). PG - 148-52 AB - Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) exhibits a wide variety of seed coat patterns and colors. From a historical perspective, extensive genetic analyses have identified specific genes that control seed coat pattern (T, Z, L, J, Bip, and Ana) and color (P, C, R, J, D, G, B, V, and Rk). Many of these genes exhibit epistatic interactions with other genes, interactions that define the many seed coat patterns and colors observed within the species. To better understand these complex interactions, we began a molecular marker discovery program that previously identified random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to many of these genes. We report here the discovery of RAPD markers linked to three additional genes-C, G, and V. These markers, and five RAPD markers we previously discovered linked to other seed coat pattern and color genes, were converted into easily scorable sequence tagged site (STS) markers. We next placed these markers onto a common molecular map shared by the Phaseolus research community and demonstrated a generally wide distribution of the genes throughout the common bean genome. A few previously unrecognized linkages were discovered. The probable existence of multiple genes controlling growth habit in common bean is discussed. Our approach demonstrates the usefulness and feasibility of marker discovery in one population followed by accurate mapping of that marker onto a core, community-wide map. FAU - McClean, P E AU - McClean PE AD - North Dakota State University, Department of Plant Sciences, Fargo, ND 58105, USA. phillip.mcclean@ndsu.nodak.edu FAU - Lee, R K AU - Lee RK FAU - Otto, C AU - Otto C FAU - Gepts, P AU - Gepts P FAU - Bassett, M J AU - Bassett MJ LA - eng PT - Journal Article PL - United States TA - J Hered JT - The Journal of heredity JID - 0375373 RN - 0 (Genetic Markers) SB - IM MH - *Chromosome Mapping MH - Genetic Markers MH - Phaseolus/*genetics MH - Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Technique MH - Seeds/*genetics EDAT- 2002/07/26 10:00 MHDA- 2003/01/16 04:00 CRDT- 2002/07/26 10:00 PHST- 2002/07/26 10:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2003/01/16 04:00 [medline] PHST- 2002/07/26 10:00 [entrez] AID - 10.1093/jhered/93.2.148 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - J Hered. 2002 Mar-Apr;93(2):148-52. doi: 10.1093/jhered/93.2.148. ##### PUB RECORD ##### ## 10.1007/s11032-023-01362-8 37313298 Liu, Yang et al., 2023 "Liu C, Yang X, He Y, Chen Q, Huang Y, Yan Z, Liu D, Feng G. Fine mapping and characterisation of a PV-PUR mediating anthocyanin synthesis in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Mol Breed. 2023 Mar 1;43(3):15. doi: 10.1007/s11032-023-01362-8. PMID: 37313298; PMCID: PMC10248652." ## PMID- 37313298 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20240302 IS - 1572-9788 (Electronic) IS - 1380-3743 (Print) IS - 1380-3743 (Linking) VI - 43 IP - 3 DP - 2023 Mar TI - Fine mapping and characterisation of a PV-PUR mediating anthocyanin synthesis in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). PG - 15 LID - 10.1007/s11032-023-01362-8 [doi] LID - 15 AB - Anthocyanin makes snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pods purple, which helps seed dispersal and protects against environmental stress. In this study, we characterised the snap bean purple mutant pv-pur, which has purple cotyledon, hypocotyl, stem, leaf vein, flower and pod tissues. Total anthocyanin, delphinidin and malvidin levels in mutant pods were significantly higher than in wild-type plants. We constructed two populations for fine mapping of the PV-PUR purple mutation gene, located in the 243.9-kb region of chromosome 06. We identified Phvul.006g018800.3, encoding F3'5'H, as a candidate gene for PV-PUR. Six single-base mutations occurred in the coding region of this gene, altering protein structure. PV-PUR and pv-pur genes were transferred into Arabidopsis, respectively. Compared with the wild-type, the leaf base and internode of T-PV-PUR plant were purple, and the phenotype of T-pv-pur plant remained unchanged, which verified the function of the mutant gene. The results demonstrated that PV-PUR is a crucial gene for anthocyanin biosynthesis in snap bean, resulting in purple colouration. The findings lay a foundation for future breeding and improvement of snap bean. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-023-01362-8. CI - (c) The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. FAU - Liu, Chang AU - Liu C AD - Horticulture Department, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000 China. GRID: grid.412067.6. ISNI: 0000 0004 1760 1291 FAU - Yang, Xiaoxu AU - Yang X AD - Horticulture Department, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000 China. GRID: grid.412067.6. ISNI: 0000 0004 1760 1291 FAU - He, Yongheng AU - He Y AD - Horticulture Department, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000 China. GRID: grid.412067.6. ISNI: 0000 0004 1760 1291 FAU - Chen, Qifu AU - Chen Q AD - Horticulture Department, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000 China. GRID: grid.412067.6. ISNI: 0000 0004 1760 1291 FAU - Huang, Yucheng AU - Huang Y AD - Horticulture Department, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000 China. GRID: grid.412067.6. ISNI: 0000 0004 1760 1291 FAU - Yan, Zhishan AU - Yan Z AD - Horticulture Department, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000 China. GRID: grid.412067.6. ISNI: 0000 0004 1760 1291 FAU - Liu, Dajun AU - Liu D AD - Horticulture Department, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000 China. GRID: grid.412067.6. ISNI: 0000 0004 1760 1291 FAU - Feng, Guojun AU - Feng G AD - Horticulture Department, College of Advanced Agriculture and Ecological Environment, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000 China. GRID: grid.412067.6. ISNI: 0000 0004 1760 1291 LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20230301 PL - Netherlands TA - Mol Breed JT - Molecular breeding : new strategies in plant improvement JID - 9506703 PMC - PMC10248652 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Anthocyanin OT - Fine mapping OT - Mutant OT - PV-PUR OT - Snap bean COIS- Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests. EDAT- 2023/06/14 06:42 MHDA- 2023/06/14 06:43 PMCR- 2024/03/01 CRDT- 2023/06/14 03:54 PHST- 2022/09/13 00:00 [received] PHST- 2023/02/18 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2023/06/14 06:43 [medline] PHST- 2023/06/14 06:42 [pubmed] PHST- 2023/06/14 03:54 [entrez] PHST- 2024/03/01 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 1362 [pii] AID - 10.1007/s11032-023-01362-8 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Mol Breed. 2023 Mar 1;43(3):15. doi: 10.1007/s11032-023-01362-8. eCollection 2023 Mar. ##### PUB RECORD ##### ## 10.1007/s00122-021-03922-y 34328529 Garcia-Fernandez, Campa et al., 2021 "García-Fernández C, Campa A, Ferreira JJ. Dissecting the genetic control of seed coat color in a RIL population of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Theor Appl Genet. 2021 Nov;134(11):3687-3698. doi: 10.1007/s00122-021-03922-y. Epub 2021 Jul 30. PMID: 34328529." ## PMID- 34328529 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20211028 LR - 20220427 IS - 1432-2242 (Electronic) IS - 0040-5752 (Linking) VI - 134 IP - 11 DP - 2021 Nov TI - Dissecting the genetic control of seed coat color in a RIL population of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). PG - 3687-3698 LID - 10.1007/s00122-021-03922-y [doi] AB - Three genes associated with the seed coat color in a TU/Musica RIL population were located on a genetic map, and two candidate genes proposed to control black seed coat in the TU genotype were characterized. Seed coat color is an important characteristic of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) associated with the marketability of dry bean cultivars, quality and nutritional characteristics of seed, as well as response to pathogens. In this study, the genetic control of seed coat color in a recombinant inbred line population (175 lines) obtained from the cross 'TU' x 'Musica' was investigated. Phenotypic segregation fitted 1:1 for white vs. nonwhite, and 3:1 for brown versus black, indicating the involvement of three independent genes, one controlling white color and two (with epistatic interaction) controlling black color. Using a genetic map built with 842 SNPs, the gene responsible for the white seed coat was mapped on the linkage group Pv07, in the position previously described for the P gene. For the black seed coat phenotype, two genes were mapped to the beginning of chromosomes Pv06 and Pv08, in the positions estimated for the V gene and the complex C locus, respectively, by classical studies. The involvement of these two genomic regions was verified through two crosses between three selected RILs exhibiting complementary and dominant inheritance, in which the TU alleles for both genes resulted in a black phenotype. Two genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway were proposed as candidate genes: Phvul.006G018800 encoding a flavonoid 3'5'hydroxylase and Phvul.008G038400 encoding MYB113 transcription factor. These findings add knowledge to the complex network of genes controlling seed coat color in common bean as well as providing genetic markers to be used in future genetic analysis or plant breeding. CI - (c) 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. FAU - Garcia-Fernandez, Carmen AU - Garcia-Fernandez C AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0664-796X AD - Plant Genetic Group, Regional Service for Agrofood Research and Development (SERIDA), 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain. cgarcia@serida.org. FAU - Campa, Ana AU - Campa A AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3970-9079 AD - Plant Genetic Group, Regional Service for Agrofood Research and Development (SERIDA), 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain. FAU - Ferreira, Juan Jose AU - Ferreira JJ AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8782-8868 AD - Plant Genetic Group, Regional Service for Agrofood Research and Development (SERIDA), 33300, Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain. LA - eng GR - AGL2017-87050-R/Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espana/ GR - 774244-BRESOV/European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research/ PT - Journal Article DEP - 20210730 PL - Germany TA - Theor Appl Genet JT - TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik JID - 0145600 SB - IM MH - Alleles MH - Chromosome Mapping MH - Color MH - Crosses, Genetic MH - Genes, Plant MH - Genetic Linkage MH - Genotype MH - Phaseolus/*genetics MH - Phenotype MH - Pigmentation/*genetics MH - Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide MH - *Seeds EDAT- 2021/07/31 06:00 MHDA- 2021/10/29 06:00 CRDT- 2021/07/30 12:20 PHST- 2021/04/06 00:00 [received] PHST- 2021/07/20 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2021/07/31 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2021/10/29 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2021/07/30 12:20 [entrez] AID - 10.1007/s00122-021-03922-y [pii] AID - 10.1007/s00122-021-03922-y [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Theor Appl Genet. 2021 Nov;134(11):3687-3698. doi: 10.1007/s00122-021-03922-y. Epub 2021 Jul 30. ##### PUB RECORD ##### ## 10.3389/fpls.2022.869582 35432409 McClean, Lee et al., 2022 "McClean PE, Lee R, Howe K, Osborne C, Grimwood J, Levy S, Haugrud AP, Plott C, Robinson M, Skiba RM, Tanha T, Zamani M, Thannhauser TW, Glahn RP, Schmutz J, Osorno JM, Miklas PN. The Common Bean V Gene Encodes Flavonoid 3'5' Hydroxylase: A Major Mutational Target for Flavonoid Diversity in Angiosperms. Front Plant Sci. 2022 Mar 31;13:869582. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.869582. PMID: 35432409; PMCID: PMC9009181." ## PMID- 35432409 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20240927 IS - 1664-462X (Print) IS - 1664-462X (Electronic) IS - 1664-462X (Linking) VI - 13 DP - 2022 TI - The Common Bean V Gene Encodes Flavonoid 3'5' Hydroxylase: A Major Mutational Target for Flavonoid Diversity in Angiosperms. PG - 869582 LID - 10.3389/fpls.2022.869582 [doi] LID - 869582 AB - The classic V (violet, purple) gene of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) functions in a complex genetic network that controls seed coat and flower color and flavonoid content. V was cloned to understand its role in the network and the evolution of its orthologs in the Viridiplantae. V mapped genetically to a narrow interval on chromosome Pv06. A candidate gene was selected based on flavonoid analysis and confirmed by recombinational mapping. Protein and domain modeling determined V encodes flavonoid 3'5' hydroxylase (F3'5'H), a P450 enzyme required for the expression of dihydromyricetin-derived flavonoids in the flavonoid pathway. Eight recessive haplotypes, defined by mutations of key functional domains required for P450 activities, evolved independently in the two bean gene pools from a common ancestral gene. V homologs were identified in Viridiplantae orders by functional domain searches. A phylogenetic analysis determined F3'5'H first appeared in the Streptophyta and is present in only 41% of Angiosperm reference genomes. The evolutionarily related flavonoid pathway gene flavonoid 3' hydroxylase (F3'H) is found nearly universally in all Angiosperms. F3'H may be conserved because of its role in abiotic stress, while F3'5'H evolved as a major target gene for the evolution of flower and seed coat color in plants. CI - Copyright (c) 2022 McClean, Lee, Howe, Osborne, Grimwood, Levy, Haugrud, Plott, Robinson, Skiba, Tanha, Zamani, Thannhauser, Glahn, Schmutz, Osorno and Miklas. FAU - McClean, Phillip E AU - McClean PE AD - Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States. AD - Genomics, Phenomics, and Bioinformatic Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States. FAU - Lee, Rian AU - Lee R AD - Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States. FAU - Howe, Kevin AU - Howe K AD - USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States. FAU - Osborne, Caroline AU - Osborne C AD - Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States. FAU - Grimwood, Jane AU - Grimwood J AD - Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States. FAU - Levy, Shawn AU - Levy S AD - Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States. FAU - Haugrud, Amanda Peters AU - Haugrud AP AD - Genomics, Phenomics, and Bioinformatic Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States. FAU - Plott, Chris AU - Plott C AD - Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States. FAU - Robinson, Melanie AU - Robinson M AD - Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States. FAU - Skiba, Ryan M AU - Skiba RM AD - Genomics, Phenomics, and Bioinformatic Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States. FAU - Tanha, Tabassum AU - Tanha T AD - Genomics, Phenomics, and Bioinformatic Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States. FAU - Zamani, Mariam AU - Zamani M AD - Genomics, Phenomics, and Bioinformatic Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States. FAU - Thannhauser, Theodore W AU - Thannhauser TW AD - USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States. FAU - Glahn, Raymond P AU - Glahn RP AD - USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States. FAU - Schmutz, Jeremy AU - Schmutz J AD - Genome Sequencing Center, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, United States. FAU - Osorno, Juan M AU - Osorno JM AD - Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States. FAU - Miklas, Phillip N AU - Miklas PN AD - USDA-ARS, Grain Legumes Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, Prosser, WA, United States. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20220331 PL - Switzerland TA - Front Plant Sci JT - Frontiers in plant science JID - 101568200 PMC - PMC9009181 OTO - NOTNLM OT - F3'5' hydroxylase OT - common bean OT - flavonoid biosynthesis OT - flavonoid composition OT - legumes OT - mutational targets OT - protein modeling OT - recombination mapping COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. EDAT- 2022/04/19 06:00 MHDA- 2022/04/19 06:01 PMCR- 2022/01/01 CRDT- 2022/04/18 06:34 PHST- 2022/02/04 00:00 [received] PHST- 2022/03/15 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2022/04/18 06:34 [entrez] PHST- 2022/04/19 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/04/19 06:01 [medline] PHST- 2022/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.3389/fpls.2022.869582 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Front Plant Sci. 2022 Mar 31;13:869582. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.869582. eCollection 2022. ##### PUB RECORD ##### ## 10.1002/ppp3.10132 34268482 Islam, Bett et al., 2020 "Islam NS, Bett KE, Pauls KP, Marsolais F, Dhaubhadel S. Postharvest seed coat darkening in pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is regulated by Psd , an allele of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor P. Plants People Planet. 2020 Nov;2(6):663-677. doi: 10.1002/ppp3.10132. Epub 2020 Aug 19. PMID: 34268482; PMCID: PMC8262261." ## PMID- 34268482 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20240402 IS - 2572-2611 (Electronic) IS - 2572-2611 (Linking) VI - 2 IP - 6 DP - 2020 Nov TI - Postharvest seed coat darkening in pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is regulated by P(sd) , an allele of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor P. PG - 663-677 LID - 10.1002/ppp3.10132 [doi] AB - Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is one of the leading market classes of dry beans that is most affected by postharvest seed coat darkening. The process of seed darkening poses a challenge for bean producers and vendors as they encounter significant losses in crop value due to decreased consumer preference for darker beans. Here, we identified a novel allele of the P gene, P(sd) , responsible for the slow darkening seed coat in pintos, and identified trait-specific sequence polymorphisms which are utilized for the development of new gene-specific molecular markers for breeding. These tools can be deployed to help tackle this economically important issue for bean producers. SUMMARY: Postharvest seed coat darkening in pinto bean is an undesirable trait that reduces the market value of the stored crop. Regular darkening (RD) pintos darken faster after harvest and accumulate higher level of proanthocyanidins (PAs) compared to slow darkening (SD) cultivars. Although the markers cosegregating with the SD trait have been known for some time, the SLOW DARKENING (Sd) gene identity had not been proven.Here, we identified P(sd) as a candidate for controlling the trait. Genetic complementation, transcript abundance, metabolite analysis, and inheritance study confirmed that P(sd) is the Sd gene. P(sd) is another allele of the P (Pigment) gene, whose loss-of-function alleles result in a white seed coat. P(sd) encodes a bHLH transcription factor with two transcript variants but only one is involved in PA biosynthesis. An additional glutamate residue in the activation domain, and/or an arginine to histidine substitution in the bHLH domain of the P(sd)-1 transcript in the SD cultivar is likely responsible for the reduced activity of this allele compared to the allele in a RD cultivar, leading to reduced PA accumulation.Overall, we demonstrate that a novel allele of P, P(sd) , is responsible for the SD phenotype, and describe the development of new, gene-specific, markers that could be utilized in breeding to resolve an economically important issue for bean producers. CI - (c) 2020 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Plants, People, Planet published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of New Phytologist Trust. Reproduced with the permission of Minister of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. FAU - Islam, Nishat S AU - Islam NS AD - London Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada London ON Canada. AD - Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada. FAU - Bett, Kirstin E AU - Bett KE AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7959-6959 AD - Department of Plant Sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada. FAU - Pauls, K Peter AU - Pauls KP AD - Department of Plant Agriculture University of Guelph Guelph ON Canada. FAU - Marsolais, Frederic AU - Marsolais F AD - London Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada London ON Canada. AD - Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada. FAU - Dhaubhadel, Sangeeta AU - Dhaubhadel S AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2582-5503 AD - London Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada London ON Canada. AD - Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20200819 PL - United States TA - Plants People Planet JT - Plants, people, planet JID - 9918227264106676 PMC - PMC8262261 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor OT - genetic complementation OT - gene-specific marker OT - pinto bean OT - postharvest seed coat darkening OT - proanthocyanidins OT - transparent testa EDAT- 2021/07/17 06:00 MHDA- 2021/07/17 06:01 PMCR- 2021/07/07 CRDT- 2021/07/16 06:43 PHST- 2020/03/11 00:00 [received] PHST- 2020/06/18 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2020/06/19 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2021/07/16 06:43 [entrez] PHST- 2021/07/17 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2021/07/17 06:01 [medline] PHST- 2021/07/07 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - PPP310132 [pii] AID - 10.1002/ppp3.10132 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Plants People Planet. 2020 Nov;2(6):663-677. doi: 10.1002/ppp3.10132. Epub 2020 Aug 19. ##### PUB RECORD ##### ## 10.1111/nph.15259 29897103 McClean, Bett et al., 2018 "McClean PE, Bett KE, Stonehouse R, Lee R, Pflieger S, Moghaddam SM, Geffroy V, Miklas P, Mamidi S. White seed color in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) results from convergent evolution in the P (pigment) gene. New Phytol. 2018 Aug;219(3):1112-1123. doi: 10.1111/nph.15259. Epub 2018 Jun 13. PMID: 29897103." ## PMID- 29897103 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20190927 LR - 20200930 IS - 1469-8137 (Electronic) IS - 0028-646X (Linking) VI - 219 IP - 3 DP - 2018 Aug TI - White seed color in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) results from convergent evolution in the P (pigment) gene. PG - 1112-1123 LID - 10.1111/nph.15259 [doi] AB - The presence of seed color in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) requires the dominant-acting P (pigment) gene, and white seed is a recessive phenotype in all domesticated races of the species. P was classically associated with seed size, thus describing it as the first genetic marker for a quantitative trait. The molecular structure of P was characterized to understand the selection of white seeds during bean diversification and the relationship of P to seed weight. P was identified by homology searches, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and gene remodeling, and confirmed by gene silencing. Allelic variation was assessed by a combination of resequencing and marker development, and the relationship between P and seed weight was assessed by a GWAS study. P is a member of clade B of subclass IIIf of plant basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins. Ten race-specific P alleles conditioned the white seed phenotype, and each causative mutation affected at least one bHLH domain required for color expression. GWAS analysis confirmed the classic association of P with seed weight. In common bean, white seeds are the result of convergent evolution and, among plant species, orthologous convergence on a single transcription factor gene was observed. CI - (c) 2018 The Authors. New Phytologist (c) 2018 New Phytologist Trust. FAU - McClean, Phillip E AU - McClean PE AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4809-0864 AD - Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA. AD - Genomics and Bioinformatics Program, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA. FAU - Bett, Kirstin E AU - Bett KE AD - Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada. FAU - Stonehouse, Robert AU - Stonehouse R AD - Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada. FAU - Lee, Rian AU - Lee R AD - Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA. FAU - Pflieger, Stephanie AU - Pflieger S AD - Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Universite Paris-Sud, Universite Evry, Universite Paris-Saclay, Batiment 630, Orsay, 91405, France. AD - Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, Batiment 630, Orsay, 91405, France. FAU - Moghaddam, Samira Mafi AU - Moghaddam SM AD - Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA. FAU - Geffroy, Valerie AU - Geffroy V AD - Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, CNRS, INRA, Universite Paris-Sud, Universite Evry, Universite Paris-Saclay, Batiment 630, Orsay, 91405, France. AD - Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, Batiment 630, Orsay, 91405, France. FAU - Miklas, Phil AU - Miklas P AD - USDA-ARS, Grain Legumes Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, Prosser, WA, 99350, USA. FAU - Mamidi, Sujan AU - Mamidi S AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-3837-6121 AD - Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20180613 PL - England TA - New Phytol JT - The New phytologist JID - 9882884 SB - IM MH - Alleles MH - Chromosome Mapping MH - *Evolution, Molecular MH - Gene Regulatory Networks MH - Gene Silencing MH - *Genes, Plant MH - Genome-Wide Association Study MH - Haplotypes/genetics MH - Phaseolus/*genetics/*physiology MH - Phylogeny MH - Pigmentation/*genetics MH - Quantitative Trait Loci/genetics MH - Seeds/*genetics OTO - NOTNLM OT - Phaseolus vulgaris OT - basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) OT - convergent evolution OT - diversification OT - domestication OT - flavonoid biosynthesis EDAT- 2018/06/14 06:00 MHDA- 2019/09/29 06:00 CRDT- 2018/06/14 06:00 PHST- 2018/01/11 00:00 [received] PHST- 2018/04/20 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2018/06/14 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2019/09/29 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2018/06/14 06:00 [entrez] AID - 10.1111/nph.15259 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - New Phytol. 2018 Aug;219(3):1112-1123. doi: 10.1111/nph.15259. Epub 2018 Jun 13.